Juan Rodriguez C essays

Juan Rodriguez C articles The notoriety of California just like a spot to cast off suspicions and attempt various things seems to have started from its most punctual days. By thinking about the person who found San Diego, we see endurance, assurance, and the craving to forge ahead, discover achievement, and to amplify chances to their fullest. Harking back to the 1540s there was a Portuguese pioneer and officer by the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (?- 1543). He was known as a gifted sailor and pilot. Today, Cabrillo popular for being the man who found San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542. Inside the meaning of The California Dream, lay open doors for progress, notwithstanding, there are numerous fixings that factor into accomplishing this Dream. Being eager to acknowledge openings, difficulties, and thoughts, (for example, Cabrillo acknowledged when provided the order to investigate the northwestern most piece of Mexico ), the usage of man-made and common assets, and time and area, are only a couple of the components that are fundamental in characterizing the California Dream. The mix of these fixings alongside the assurance for progress and absence of dread of-disappointment, can at times make The Dream-reality. FAMILY NAME APPARENTLY NOT A RESOURCE Cabrillo had the vital elements for progress. Accepted to have been conceived in Portugal, however it isn't sure where, he lived an incredible majority in the Spanish New World settlements. Dr. Joan Jensen, an individual from the Cabrillo Historical Society and previous teacher of U.S. history at California Western University, visited Portugal twice to check whether she could master something about the origination of Cabrillo. The consequence of her guided fourteen day trek yielded some critical disclosures, Nobody knows precisely where Cabrillo originated from or where he got his name-couldn't locate some other Cabrillo in Spain in the late fifteenth century or in Portugal either. Certain spots... <!

Dr. Jeffrey MacDonalds Fight for Innocence Essay -- Dr. Jeffrey MacDo

Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald's Fight for Innocence Bantered as one of the most distorted cases in American lawful history, Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald still battles for honesty. As opposed to dependable proof, indictment deliberately retained significant data supporting MacDonald’s explanation. Such endorsement included evidence of an outside assault that would have assumed a significant job in Jeffrey’s case. Indicted for the killings of his significant other and two children, thirty-four years back, Dr. MacDonald still perseveres through the misery of being blamed for executing his family. Much following twenty-four years of detainment and a few unlawful court hearings, extra documentation keeps on increasing hold Dr. MacDonald’s declaration. It occurred on a stormy night on February 17, 1970 at the base of Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Military police were reacting to a call from Green Beret specialist Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald, which they thought was a standard call. At the point when the military police showed up they found the butchered assemblages of MacDonald’s spouse, Colette, who was twenty six, and his two little girls Kimberley, five, and Kristen, two. A MP who preformed mouth-to-mouth revival restored Dr. MacDonald. He told the police he and his better half remained up drinking some orange alcohol. She hit the hay and he kept awake to wrap up the Johnny Carson appear. MacDonald nodded off on the couch. He was stirred by shouts of his better half and girls. MacDonald guaranteed that three men remaining over the couch began to assault him with a bladed weapon and a polished ash. He distinguished the individual holding the bat as a dark man with a military coat with E-6 stripes and two white men, one conveying the bladed weapon. Before he was thumped oblivious he said that there was a woman in the back with an enormous floppy cap, holding a flame and was stating â€Å"acid is groovy† and â€Å"kill the pigs.† When MacDonald woke back up he discovered his better half lying on the ground, and attempted to restore her with mouth-to-mouth revival with no achievement. He at that point discovered his little girls and attempted to support them. This is the point at which he required a rescue vehicle. The Army CID sent another, unpracticed examiner named William Ivory to explore the scene. Ivory chose subsequent to checking out the house that MacDonald made up the account of the executioners. He likewise convinced everybody that he was the guilty party. This implied everybody in Ivory’s chain... ...t his the proof before a jury. As yet putting stock in his honesty Jeff is petitioning for parole following fourteen years of qualification. He is planning to meet parole board measures so he can be discharged on parole. This is a decent case to show how it isn’t consistently poor people, dark, or Hispanic gatherings getting pursued for something they haven’t done. It shows that a white specialist could get his life crushed by an uncalled for Judge and investigators. Works Cited Briscoe, Daren, MacDonald Wants Out. Newsweek, January 24, 2005. Vol. 145, Issue 4, p8, 1/4p, 1c. Recovered from EBSCO database on the World Wide Web: http://web3.epnet.com/ Briscoe, Daren, The Green Beret Murders Haven’t Given Up. Newsweek, August 30, 2004. Vol. 144, Issue 9, p6, 4/5p, 1c. Recovered from EBSCO database on the World Wide Web: http://web3.epnet.com/ Http://www.themacdonaldcase.org/case_overview.html Http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/jmacdonald/2.html?sect=12 The Associated Press, DNA Tests for Jeffrey MacDonald/Former Physician Seeks Evidence in 1970 ‘Fatal Vision’ Slayings. Newsday. Walk 24, 1999. Recovered from eLibrary on the World Wide Web: http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/

Rapid City

Rapid City Rapid City, city (1990 pop. 54,523), seat of Pennington co., SW S.Dak., on Rapid Creek, in an irrigated farm region served by the Bureau of Reclamation's Rapid Valley project; founded 1876 after the discovery of gold nearby, inc. 1882. It is the trade and transportation center of an extensive lumbering, ranching, and mining (gold, silver, feldspar, bentonite, mica, and uranium) area. Wood products, sand and gravel, small arms ammunition and gun stocks, gold and silver jewelrey, food products, construction materials, and limestone are produced. Nearby Ellsworth Air Force Base is a major source of employment. The city is also the tourist center of the Black Hills and the gateway to many attractions, including Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Badlands National Park, and Wind Cave National Park. The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, National American Univ., a Sioux museum, and a pioneer museum are in Rapid City. In 1972 the city was struck by a severe flash flood in which mo re than 200 lives were lost. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Indias Art Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1950 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? India or Bharat, the fifth largest and the second populated country in the world, is one of the few countries which can boast of an ancient, deep-rooted and diverse culture, which stretches back to 5000 years. In ancient times, India was known as Bharata Varsha, the country of the legendary king of Puranic times called Bharat, and was supposed to be a part of the island continent called Jambu Dvipa. Geologically speaking, India formed part of the Gondwana land and was attached to Antarctica and Australia , before it was liberated from the Antarctica complex about 135 million years ago and started drifting towards the north and finally joining South Asia about 45 million years ago. The Siwalik foothills of the north-western Himalayas served as home to the fossil primate genus known as Ramapithecus, which lived some 14 million years ago. Researches have also found that a species resembling the Australopithecus lived in India some 2 million years ago. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indias Art Culture" essay for you Create order Some anthropologists believe that the Chotanagpur region witnessed the transformation of Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. Extensive archaeological excavations carried out at Mohenjodaro in 1922 brought to light the existence of a highly sophisticated and urbanized culture known as the Harappan Civilization in India dating back to about 2600-2000 B. C. , which dominated the north-western part of the Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that this civilisation covered an area of 1600 km from east to west and 1100 km from north to south, which exceeds the area occupied by contemporary civilisations like the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilisations. The next most important phase in the Indian history came centuries later with the advent of Aryans from the northwest of India . The Aryan migration to India was gradual and spread over many centuries. The Aryans developed a remarkable culture, popularly known as Vedic culture, which was markedly different from the Harappan Culture. Endless Diversity There is an endless diversity in India starting from its physical features to Geologic structure, fauna and flora, demographic structure, races, languages, religions, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. India has een variously described as the Mini World, the epitome of the world and an ethnological museum. The diversity in India is unique. Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian civilization and social structure from the very earliest times until the present day. India s culture has been enriched by successive waves of migration, which were absorbed into the Indian way of life. The successive waves of migration i nto India started with the Indo-Greeks (2nd Century B. C. ), followed by the Kushans (First century A. D. ), the incursions from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian and others beginning in the early 8th century A. D. and culminating with the establishment of the Muslim empire by the 13th century, and finally the advent of Europeans the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the Danes and the French. These interactions over the years led to introduction of newer elements in India ’s arts, music, literature and customs and traditions, thus enriching our cultural heritage. From the very ancient times India not only absorbed the foreign cultures into its composite fold, but it also managed to spread the rich elements of its own unique culture in different parts of the world. It is historically recorded that the Chola rulers had cultural contacts with countries like Ilamandalam ( Sri Lanka ), Sri Vijaya ( Sumatra ), Chavakam (Java), Kamboja ( Cambodia ) and Kadaram ( Malay Peninsula ). Evidences of these early Indian contacts are still found in the art and architecture of these countries. The Southeast Asian countries formed a stronghold of Indian culture from the early centuries of the Christian era. The various Southeast Asian languages show strong influence of Sanskrit. Many earlier kingdoms of these countries had adopted Hinduism as their religion, whose influence is perceptible even today. India presents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel. There is complete harmony in India in each of its cultural elements. Religion and philosophy, which forms the bedrock of any civilisation, are evident in India in the form of all major religions in the world Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zorastrianism and Judaism. Regional Diversity Each state of India has its own language and set of tribes, festivals, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. While there are the Chenchus tribes in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, Bhils and Gonds in Central India, Dogris, Gujjars and Ladakhis in Jammu and Kashmir and Nagas, Bodos, Mishmis, Gharos and Khasis in the Northeast, there are tribes like the Jarewas, Onges, Andamanis and Sentinelese in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There are some festivals, which are typical of particular states, cities or towns like the Bonnalu of Andhra Pradesh, Pushkar of Rajasthan, Rajrani of Orissa, Teej of Rajasthan and Bogali Bihu of Assam . Each region is also identified with its typical folk and tribal dance forms, like Puli Vesham of Andhra Pradesh, Keli Gopal of Assam , Chhau of Bihar , Dandia of Gujarat , Bhangra of Punjab and Otthanthulal of Kerala. Similar parallels can also be drawn in the folk drama, theatre and arts and crafts. Development of Arts and Fine Arts There was a continuous evolution of drama, music, dance, painting and folk art forms under the different political rules in India that ultimately led to the development of the definite Indian element in each of these forms. Thus, within the ambience of Indian culture one can identify Indian Music, Indian Dance, Indian Theatre, Indian Literature, Indian Fairs and Festivals and so on. Indian music has a very long and unbroken tradition, which is an accumulated heritage of centuries and traces its roots to Vedic days. Bharatas Natyashastra (4th Century AD) is a great, comprehensive work on the science and technique of Indian drama, dance and music. The advent of Muslim rule in India brought in a changed perspective in the style of Northern Indian music. The traditional Hindu devotional music form of dhruvapad got transformed into the classical dhrupad form of singing under the Muslim rule. The khayal developed as a new form of singing in the 18th century A. D. and became equally popular among Hindus and Muslims. Different ragas began to be introduced from the medieval times. Tansen created many new ragas like Darbari Kanada, Darbari Todi, Miyan Ki Todi, Miya ki Malhar and Miya ki Sarang, which until now, are regarded as the foremost ragas of Northern India . Sultan Hussain Sarki of Jaunpur introduced ragas like Jaunpuri tori and Hussaini Kanada. Amir Khusro is credited with the creation of the Hemant, Prabhat Kali and Hem Behag ragas. A large variety of foreign musical instruments like Harmonium, Sarod, Shehnai, Sitar, Tabla and Violin were introduced in India to supplement the ancient musical instruments like Flute, Nadaswaram, Veena, Gootuvadhyam, Thavil, Mridangam and Plain drum. The six outstanding Sanskrit playwrights of all times, Shudraka, Harsha, Visakhadatta, Bhasa, Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti have made tremendous contributions in the field of dramatics. Kalidasas Shakuntala, King Harshas Ratnavali, Bhasas Swapna-vasavadatta, Bhavabhutis Uttara-rama-charita and Mahavira-charita, Visakhadattas Mudrarakshasa are some of the outstanding Sanskrit plays, which indicate that India had a highly sophisticated theatre tradition in the ancient times when in most other countries it was still in its infancy. Again in the field of literature, the earliest writing can be traced to the Rig Vedic poetry in Sanskrit. The Rigveda consists of 1028 suktas or hymns that are distributed in ten books called mandalas. This is perhaps, the earliest poetry in the world. The two great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata composed by Valmiki and Vyasa respectively, along with the Puranas, constitute the pillars of the Indian literature. The Manu Smriti (1st century BC) is the best illustrator of the Dharma-sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious laws. Kalidasa, Bairavi, Sudraka, Vishnu Sharma, Dandin and others composed several literary masterpieces in the ancient times. India s contribution to the world was also immense in the field of astronomy, mathematics and Medicine. Aryabhatta was the first to state that the earth moves round the sun and that the eclipses are caused by the shadow of the earth falling on the moon. Aryabhattas Aryabhatiya, Dasagitika-Sutra and Aryastasata belonging to the 5th century, Varahamihiras Pancha-siddhantika, Brahmaguptas Brahmasphuta-siddhanta and Khanda-khadyaka, Bhaskaracharyas Siddhanta-shiromani and Karana-kutuhala and Bhojas Raja-mriganka are important ancient Indian texts on astronomy. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans, which was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, the Father of Medicine. Another ancient Indian, Sushruta, who is considered as the Father of Surgery, is believed to have conducted complicated surgeries using over 125 different surgical equipments. Usage of anesthesia was also well known in ancient India . Like-wise, detailed references to anatomy physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity are found in many ancient Indian texts. India s most precious gift to the world is zero (0), which was referred to as Shunya in ancient texts. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also came from India . One of the best-known achievements of the Indian mathematics is the decimal system. Its first occurrence was on a plate of the year 595 AD where the date 346 AD was written in decimal place-value notation. Aryabhatta, who calculated the value of ? as 3. 1416, is also credited with the creation of Algebraic analysis. Budhayana explained the concept of the Pythagorean Theorem way back in the 6th century. Brahmaguptas Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta has two chapters devoted to arithmetic, algebra and geometry. Bhaskaras Lilavati was for many centuries a standard work on arithmetic and mensuration in the East. The worlds first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC, where more than 10,500 students from all around the world studied more than 60 different subjects. The University of Nalanda , established in the 5th century BC, was perhaps the greatest centre of learning in ancient India . Described as The Oxford University of Mahayana Buddhism, it offered wide range of subjects like literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosophy and astronomy. Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. A report in the Forbes magazine of July 1987 described Sanskrit is the most suitable language for the computer software. Vaishali, in modern Bihar , is acknowledged as the World’s First Republic that had a duly elected assembly of representatives and efficient administration as early as 6th century BC. India s culture and heritage is so rich and deep-rooted that it may take several days or even years to understand all its dimensions. From the time immemorial India has fascinated many a world traveller like Fahien, Hiuen Tsang, Ibn Batuta, Alberuni, Ferishta, Vasco da Gama, Marco Polo and several others. Albert Einstein once said: We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. The great German Indologist Max Muller said: If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow in some parts a very paradise on earth I should point to India . If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solution of some of them, which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant I should point to India. The following quotation of the great American philosopher and writer Will Durant sums up the divine land called India, thus India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europes languages; she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all.

The Revolutionary War - 957 Words

â€Å"These are the times that try men’s souls.† Thomas Paine said this during the times leading up to the Revolutionary War. These times include: Navigation Act, French and Indian War, Sugar Act, The stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Townsend Act, The Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts. All of these events are important in leading to the Revolutionary War. This essay will go into detail about the events leading up to the Revolutionary War. Starting with, the Navigation Act. The Navigation Act was the first event leading up to the Revolutionary War. The Navigation Act is where British parliament passed a series of navigation acts. These navigation acts limited colonial trade by using the system of mercantilism. This also forbade the†¦show more content†¦They opened fire which then killed a French general. This started the French and Indian War. In the French and Indian War the British will defeat the French, Indians, and the Spanish. The French then signed the Treaty of Paris 1763 to end the war. This treaty allowed the colonist to settle west of the Appalachian Moutains. The Native Americans were not happy, so the chief started a rebellion known as Chief Pontiac’s Rebellion. Chief Pontiac was the chief of a group of Native Americans that fought on the French side. When the French signed the Treaty of Paris 1763 it allowed the British colonist to settle west of the Appalachian Moutains into Native American land. They didn’t like this so they kept fighting with the British. The British could not keep up the fighting, so they created many peace treaties until Chief Pontiac and British finally agreed with one. They finally created the Proclamation of 1763 to keep the British off their land. This ended his rebellion. After the war the British didn’t have a lot of money left. Therefore, they created and passed the Sugar act. This act put taxes on sugar, certain wines, coffee, pimiento, cambric, and printed calico. The colonist didn’t want to pay these taxes because they believed that it wasn’t their fault, so they shouldn’t have to pay for it. The thing that made them really mad was the fact that they were being taxed without a voice in

Shannon Liegh Wynne Free Essays

Shannon Leigh Wynne Advanced Placement United States History Mr. Ed Forte 1 December 2010 To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian by Stephen Ambrose vs. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong by James W. We will write a custom essay sample on Shannon Liegh Wynne or any similar topic only for you Order Now Loewen History can be interpreted in many different ways, and has been, by many different people, who all have different views on politics and economics. Some authors try to change the audience’s opinions, some try to enhance them. Authors have different purposes for writing, different biases and ideas, different research and documentation as well. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong by James W. Loewen and To America: Personal Reflections by an Historian by Stephen Ambrose are perfect examples of two very different books about essentially the same subject. While Loewen is a democrat, and Ambrose is a republican, not only are their philosophies and ideas different, the authors present the ideas in totally different fashions and with different audiences in mind. James W. Loewen and Stephen E. Ambrose have two distinctively different writing styles, political preferences and purposes when writing. Loewen’s Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is democratic, liberal, and written in textbook style writing. In contrast, Stephen Ambrose’s book, America: Personal Reflections by an Historian, is republican, conservative and written with personal anecdotes and a warm tone, as if a grandfather was telling you the stories. In Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Loewen presented a lot of new, surprising, information on well known subjects. These new facts were supposed to sway the reader’s opinion on the subject being presented from what is popular to believe, to what is the â€Å"real† truth. Loewen presented surprising facts about Helen Keller and her political preferences, Christopher Columbus and who actually discovered America, and how some textbooks are have hidden racism and antiracism within the book. America: Personal Reflections by an Historian was written to comment on history and certain events, and the author’s experiences learning about them. Both books focus on certain events, or narrow subjects, but each chapter is a completely new subject. Ambrose interjects his personal experiences and opinions on subjects like Ulysses S. Grant and the Transcontinental Railroad, which the facts are supplied by the author himself, the author’s mentors, and other famous texts and records. Most evidence for Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is found in documents such as newspaper articles, from both current times and archived materials, as well as books. The information is documented in the back of the book in Notes by the author along with explanations for the use of some phrases and words. Loewen uses many secondary sources, such as textbooks and analyses. Most evidence from America: Personal Reflections by an Historian is also a lot of secondary sources, but many primary sources as well. Ambrose tells many personal anecdotes about the subject and many opinions and stories his mentors and professors shared with him. James Loewen and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong have a completely different purpose than America: Personal Reflections by an Historian, by Stephen Ambrose, but the two books have overlapping documentation and research. Both America: Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies my Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong are presented in a somewhat logical manner, but in different ways. James W. Loewen wrote his book by focusing on one subject for an entire chapter and then moving on to the next subject and another chapter. He had the subjects go in chronological order and includes many pictures, charts and graphs to help the reader, and are very well spaced and placed throughout the book. There was no gap in any information in Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, but there was a plethora of repetition. Loewen almost went in circles, explaining the same thing over, and over, in slightly different ways each time he covered a subject. In contrast, Stephen Ambrose designed America: Personal Reflections by an Historian to flow with the way his mind flowed from thought to thought. The chapters, which also focus on one subject per each chapter, but do not go in chronological order. For instance, one chapter is entitled â€Å"Writing about Men in Action, 1992-2001† and a couple chapters after comes â€Å"Women’s Rights and Immigration†. Also, each chapter is not strictly about a historical subject, some focus on his personal life and experiences that have to do with history. Yet another chapter is titled â€Å"Writing about Nixon† which describes his time while he was researching and writing his biography about President Nixon. Stephen Ambrose wrote as thoughts entered his head, not in a timeline or anything, like a textbook. Ambrose does not use any visual helpers in America: Personal Reflections by an Historian, but his words make up for the absence of pictures because he describes things so colorfully, energetically, and with great care and emotion. These two books are both well organized, but are very different in their organization and layout in general. The points of America: Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong are almost as different as history reviews can get. Stephen Ambrose’s book was meant to explain historical figures and events and expand on the way Americans already feel on the subject. His object was not to diminish or change the reader’s view on the subject, like James Loewen did, only heighten it. James W. In the chapter in America: Personal Reflections by an Historian about President Ulysses S. Grant, he takes the good image of the war hero, and enhanced it, with unknown stories of his greatness. Loewen’s purpose when writing Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong was to change the reader’s opinion on the subject that he was talking about at the time. For example, most people see Helen Keller as a hero or as very brave, because she overcame her disabilities to help others with the same disability to function in society. Loewen told the readers only a little about her accomplishments about that but spent the rest of the chapter telling all about her political views and career as a socialist and how she publically supported Russia in its new administration as a communist nation. Anyone who reads this book cannot help but feel cheated both my James Loewen for ruining a respectable icon and role model, and at other historians and textbooks for not telling the whole truth. He also tells the readers that Christopher Columbus was a thief and a bad person and that he doesn’t deserve to be nationally celebrated. Both Helen Keller and Christopher Columbus are looked up to by many people, especially children, who are only at school to learn the alphabet and how to share, but Loewen is setting out to ruin all the little pilgrim and Christopher Columbus books for them, and he is okay with that. He wants the public to know the truth, and that is worth everything to him. America: Personal Reflections by an Historian is mainly supporting America’s loved ones, and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is shooting them down. Before his death in 2002, Stephen Ambrose was a famous biographer and historian. He was also a professor or taught at the University of New Orleans, Kansas State University, Johns Hopkins University, Rutgers University, U. C. Berkeley, and some European schools. He was mentored by some very famous older historians as well, though he always formed his own opinion on the subject he was being mentored on, even if he did not agree with his mentor. Ambrose was definitely a republican, and interjected his republican views during many parts of America: Personal Reflections by an Historian, and he has also published biographies of Presidents Nixon and Eisenhower, as well as Emory Upton and Henry Halleck. James W. Loewen is very liberal, and it shows in Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. James Loewen has a PHD in sociology from Harvard, co-authored a U. S. history textbook called Mississippi: Conflict and Change , which won the Lillian Smith Award, and has also taught at The Catholic University of America, The University of Vermont, and Tougaloo College. When writing Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Loewen studies and stayed at the Smithsonian Institution, where he formed his opinion that no textbook makes history interesting or even documents it correctly. Loewen has written a total eight books, almost all of the same style writing; liberal and decisive. The intended audience for both America: Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong was a person or student with a general knowledge of history in general and a mainstream idea of many components and events, who is willing to learn and accept new facts about these components and events. The language is that of an educated adult or young adult, so that students and working people alike could understand and relate to the book and author. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is more of a student’s book, because it focuses on how textbooks get history wrong, but adults are still attracted to the title and style of writing. America: Personal Reflections by an Historian probably brings in more adult readers, because of the style of the writing, more of a story and personal reflections than plain facts. Overall, both books have tremendous value to any reader who is willing to learn, and is patient with the author. At some points in both America: Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, the storyline got a little bit slow, which made it difficult to get through. These books could be recommended to high school students, adults and seniors; they cover multiple generations of interest. There was always something new to learn, or a new way to think of or appreciate something with James W. Loewen and Stephen Ambrose. Reading these two books change a lot of thoughts on the main subjects brought up, and the main people analyzed. America: Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong makes a person wonder if It any leader or idol is a good leader, or role model, or icon, or if they are all really fake. It also makes a person wonder if there really is good and bad in the world, or if everything is grey, not just black and white. How to cite Shannon Liegh Wynne, Essay examples

Study of Big Energy Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Big Energy and XYZ Energy. Answer: The essay provides brief information related to Big Energy which has undergone restructuring. The process of acquisition causes a major change in the behavior of the employees. The restructuring theories help in studying the job satisfaction, motivation towards a particular job. In the given case study both Big Energy and XYZ energy is undergoing a significant change due to acquisition. XYZ Energy is being acquired by Big Energy which is a big name into the private sector industry. In such a situation it is however suggested that the company needs to take proper measures to understand employee behavior (McShane and Von Glinow, 2011). An understanding of organizational behavior is necessary to attain effective results. This is a critical situation for both of the organization to understand the work culture of each other. A thorough understanding of the integration model is necessary for an effective implementation of theories. Study of organizational behavior is important for analyzin g the traits of employees (Adler and Gundersen, 2007). In the given scenario Big Energy is acquiring XYZ energy which is facing serious business issues. The purpose of acquisition is to attain the efficiency of the sick unit and to convert it into a productive unit. This integration model is important to be implemented in order to attain effective results. The adverse effect need to be analyzed effectively in order to achieve sustainability (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008). The employees in both the companies are facing problems while implementing changes in the routine life. Under such a situation it is necessary to find out one of the most effective policies to coordinate the organization. Acquisition of an organization drastically affects the productivity in an organization. It is difficult for the employees to acquire the capacity in order to attain desired results. In the given situation employees are not ready to absorb the changes. They are finding difficulty to perform their duties. This is putting a wrong impact on the mind of the e mployees in achieving desired results (Pinder, 2014). The old employees are getting badly affected due to change in organizational structure. It is therefore recommended to study behavior of each individual in order to train them to adopt the changing environment (Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, 2011). Both the business is based on similar concept but the manner of work at each place is different. This is causing difficulty not for the employees of XYZ Energy but Big Energy as well. There is a lot of difference in the opinion of employees. It is necessary to understand the mindset of the employees in order to train them for betterment. Both the organizations are coordinating their efforts by absorbing the positive changes. There is a necessity to focus on both the organization. It is suggested that the changes need to be implemented systematically. This will give them proper time to absorb the changes in daily activities. Every organization has different people and it is essential for everyone to find out the most appropriate procedure to attain desired results. This is however necessary for an organization to recognize the importance of organizational behavior in order to develop an effective learning (Nelson and Cooper, 2007). The behavior of employees at each organization is different and it is necessary to focus on utilizing the efforts of each and every team member. It is necessary to focus on both the positive and negative aspects in the organization. This will help the managers to understand the behavior of the employees. The employees of XYZ Energy are already facing serious issues due to a change in the work pattern. The work environment is different for the employees of XYZ Energy. Under such a condition it is advised that the management need to give a proper consideration to every individual in order to understand their condition (Wright and Nishii, 2007). Big Energy wants to attain efficiency it has to understand the behavior of each employee and work according to the necessity. This will help in delivering the effective results within the given time period. It is generally seen that employees experience significant psychological change due to restructuring of the organization. It is advised that the organization need to improve the behavior, belief and attitude of people in both the organization. It is essential to focus on improving the leadership skills in an organization. This will help in coordinating the efforts in coming time. THE Management needs to analyze the behavior of each and every individual before implementation of the plan. Understanding the behavior of each and every employee in the organization will help in providing sustainable opportunities. This helps in delegating the most appropriate duty to the employee according to his caliber(Miner,2015). There is a necessity to put 100 percent efforts in order to attain hig h efficiency. The purpose of the organization is to concentrate on improving the behavior of every individual in order to attain desired results. The organization behavior is one of the most important tools used to understand the behavior of each and every individual at work. Company cannot afford to lose its market stature caused due to the whole process (Robbins and Judge,2012). Under such a circumstance it is advised to figure out the most appropriate structure in order to implement the plan. Coordinating the employees of both the organization is difficult to be managed. It is therefore necessary to integrate the efforts of each and every individual in the organization to improve the productivity. Improved results can only be derived if the capacity of both the organization is used efficiently. In a diversified business scenario it is necessary to eradicate the sources that can hamper production(Eder and Eisenberger,2008). It is recommended that the company must integrate the efforts of every employee working in the organization by understanding their mental status. A proper understanding of the individual behavior is necessary to delegate role and responsibilities. A manager can only delegate the responsibilities efficiently if he has proper awareness about the individual caliber. One can only be satisfied with the job role if he/she is aware about the individual behavior. It is necessary to study the nature of every individual working in the organization. It is clearly visible that the study of employee in an organization helps in increasing productivity. This provides an insight regarding job satisfaction of the employees. A study shows that unsatisfied employee reduces the overall productivity of an organization (DuBrin, 2013). It is the duty of the manager to look into the matter whether the employees are satisfied with the job or not. In case if the employees are facing any issue in the organizat ion it need to be directed effectively. It is the duty of the manager to take proper measures to understand the attitude of the employees in an organization. This not only helps in attaining sustainable results but also improves overall productivity. Organizational theories help in understanding the behavior of employees at workplace. It is essential that the behavior and values of employees at workplace need to be analyzed effectively. If the employees are wholly satisfied they will perform effectively at the workplace. Employees will give effective result in case they are performing their duties efficiently. In case if they are not performing their duties it will adversely affect the organization. XYZ Energy employees are currently facing difficulty in assimilating the role and responsibilities given to them. It is necessary to implement the effective organizational theories in order to attain desired results. It is very difficult for the employer to establish effective relationship with the employee in order to attain desired results. It is the responsibility of both the employer and the employee. The employer needs to check whether the employee is adhering upon the duties that are given to them(Jones,2010). An employer need to keep a detailed structure of the employees behavior towards the work in order to mitigate the risk involved in accepting the cultural differences. It is thereby necessary to set long term sustainable goals in order to achieve desired results(Hogg and Terry,2014). Employees loyalty need to be tested so that the company can achieve effective results. The desired results can only be achieved if the employer focuses on developing relationship. It is necessary to understand the behavior of every individual in order to manage the cultural differences. An effective method need to be adopted to absorb the differences occurring in the organization. Under such a situation the management should rather introduce activities that help in coordinating the efforts. The organization either have to figure out an activity that help in organizing the company in an effective manner. The objectives can only be achieved if the employer focuses all the sources on enhancing the caliber of employee. This will help in improving the qualitative and quantitative productivity in an organization (Slocum and Hellriegel, 2009). Employees need to be motivated towards the positive direction by the employer in order to implement positive changes. Employee productivity can only be enhanc ed in case if the employee focuses on developing efficient work environment. The employees need to adopt significant changes in order to promote efficient productivity. The change in the work environment can negatively affect the organization. Under such a situation it is suggested that Big Energy needs to focus on developing an effective work environment that will help in balancing the organization at an initial stage. The main purpose of acquisition is to synthesize the productivity of both the organization in order to achieve appropriate results. The most important part in such a situation is played by the manager as he organizes the efforts of all the employees in the organization. The absorption process has led to temporary imbalance in the organization. It is necessary to motivate the employees in a positive manner so that they can implement the changes in their daily routine (March, 2013). Organizational behavior helps in understanding the difference in the opinion of people. This helps in managing the organization to achieve common goal. It is necessary to conduct the personality test to understand the cultural difference. The difference in the work culture affects the overall productivity in an organization. In the given situation both the organizations are following a different culture at workplace that has caused variance in adopting the work environment. Under such a situation a study of organizational behavior accompanied with the individual behavior is necessary to adopt the desired results. There should be an effective model in order to support the organization to generate results in accordance with the necessity. Efforts of employees in both the organization need to be given equal care. It is certain that the employees will face difficulty in the initial stage but it is also necessary to figure out proper techniques to reduce the overall impact of the procedure. It is not a day process, and the whole procedure will take time in order to attain desired results. Under such situation the organization should give effective tools to attain desired results. This will not only improve the productivity but will also help in attaining desired set of results. XYZ Energy and Big Energy are facing changes in the overall work pattern. It is therefore difficult for them to utilize the efforts accordingly (Barling, Clegg and Cooper,2008). Changes are an important part in a life of an organization. It is important to notice that the organization can only improve if they focus on enhancing the productivity by focusing on employees. The efforts of the employees need to be recognized in order to sort out the difference in between them. The employees should adopt the changes in a short time which will help in achieving desired results. This will help in increasing the overall efficacy in an organization. The morale of the employees needs to be integrated in a positive manner as this will help in implementation of the results in a proper manner. It is recommended that Big Energy need to take proper measures to meet the desired changes occurring in the organization. The productivity can only be attained if employee is working efficiently. References Adler, N.J. and Gundersen, A., 2007.International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Adler, N.J. and Gundersen, A., 2007.International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Bakker, A.B. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2008. Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations.Journal of Organizational Behavior,29(2), pp.147-154. Barling, J., Clegg, S.R. and Cooper, C.L. eds., 2008.The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches(Vol. 2). Sage. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J.A. and Wesson, M.J., 2011.Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Eder, P. and Eisenberger, R., 2008. Perceived organizational support: Reducing the negative influence of coworker withdrawal behavior.Journal of Management,34(1), pp.55-68. Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014.Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. March, J.G., 2013.Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations)(Vol. 20). Routledge. McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M., 2011.M: Organizational behavior. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nelson, D. and Cooper, C.L. eds., 2007.Positive organizational behavior. Sage. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012.Essentials of organizational behavior. Essex: Pearson. Slocum, J.W. and Hellriegel, D., 2009.Principles of organizational behavior. South-Western Cengage Learning. Wright, P.M. and Nishii, L.H., 2007. Strategic HRM and organizational behavior: Integrating multiple levels of analysis.CAHRS Working Paper Series, p.468.

Heres the LA Opportunity for Improvement Policy Essays - Webmail

Here's the LA Opportunity for Improvement Policy : T his policy applies to: quizzes, tests , discussions, and portfolio assignments. Quick checks are not eligible for OFI. You can rewrite your writing assignments up to 3 times for more credit. Send your revisions in a Word document and attached to a WebMail. If you would like to recover points fora previous quiz or test or discussion, you will need to follow these guidelines to get the credit back. You will also have 3 attempts for each assignment. You cansubmit OFI for as many quizzes, tests, or discussions as you like. When you are done with your OFI, send it to me as an attachment to a Webmail. For each question that you got wrong, you will need to answer two questions listed below: 1. What the correct answer is, 2. Why the answer you selected was incorrect. When writing your answers please follow all spelling and grammar rules and use complete sentences.

Key Concepts in Conversation Analysis

Key Concepts in Conversation Analysis Though a man succeeds, he should not (as is frequently the case) engross the whole talk to himself; for that destroys the very essence of conversation, which is talking together .(William Cowper, On Conversation, 1756) In recent years, the related fields of discourse analysis and conversation analysis have deepened our understanding of the ways in which language is used in everyday life. Research in these fields has also widened the focus of other disciplines, including rhetoric and composition studies. To acquaint you with these fresh approaches to language study, weve put together a list of 15 key concepts related to the ways we talk. All of them are explained and illustrated in our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms, where youll find a name for . . . the assumption that participants in a conversation normally attempt to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear: cooperative principlethe manner in which an orderly conversation normally takes place: turn-takinga type of turn-taking in which the second utterance (for example, Yes, please) depends on the first (Would you like some coffee?): adjacency paira noise, gesture, word, or expression used by a listener to indicate that he or she is paying attention to a speaker: back-channel signala face-to-face interaction in which one speaker talks at the same time as another speaker to show an interest in the conversation: cooperative overlapspeech that repeats, in whole or in part, what has just been said by another speaker: echo utterancea speech act that expresses concern for others and minimizes threats to self-esteem: politeness strategiesthe conversational convention of casting an imperative statement in question or declarative form (such as Would you pass me the potatoes?) to co mmunicate a request without causing offense: whimperative a particle (such as oh, well, you know, and I mean) thats used in conversation to make speech more coherent but that generally adds little meaning: discourse markera filler word (such as um) or a cue phrase (lets see) used to mark a hesitation in speech: editing termthe process by which a speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of correction: repairthe interactive process by which speakers and listeners work together to ensure that messages are understood as intended: conversational groundingmeaning thats implied by a speaker but not explicitly expressed: conversational implicaturethe small talk that often passes for conversation at social gatherings: phatic communicationa style of public discourse that simulates intimacy by adopting features of informal, conversational language: conversationalization Youll find examples and explanations of these and over 1,500 other language-related expressions in our ever-expanding Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. Classic Essays on Conversation While conversation has only recently become an object of academic study, our conversational habits and quirks have long been of interest to essayists. (Not surprising if we accept the notion that the essay itself may be regarded as a conversation between writer and reader.) To take part in this ongoing conversation about conversation, follow the links to these eight classic essays. The Musical Instruments of Conversation, by Joseph Addison (1710) I must not here omit the bagpipe species, that will entertain you from morning to night with the repetition of a few notes which are played over and over, with the perpetual humming of a drone running underneath them. These are your dull, heavy, tedious, story-tellers, the load and burden of conversations. Of Conversation: An Apology, by H.G. Wells (1901) These conversationalists say the most shallow and needless of things, impart aimless information, simulate interest they do not feel, and generally impugn their claim to be considered reasonable creatures. . . . This pitiful necessity we are under, upon social occasions, to say something- however inconsequent- is, I am assured, the very degradation of speech. Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation, by Jonathan Swift (1713) This degeneracy of conversation, with the pernicious consequences thereof upon our humours and dispositions, hath been owing, among other causes, to the custom arisen, for sometime past, of excluding women from any share in our society, further than in parties at play, or dancing, or in the pursuit of an amour. Conversation, by Samuel Johnson (1752) No style of conversation is more extensively acceptable than the narrative. He who has stored his memory with slight anecdotes, private incidents, and personal peculiarities, seldom fails to find his audience favourable. On Conversation, by William Cowper (1756) We should try to keep up conversation like a ball bandied to and fro from one to the other, rather than seize it all to ourselves, and drive it before us like a football. Childs Talk, by Robert Lynd (1922) Ones ordinary conversation seems so far beneath the level of a small child. To say to it, What wonderful weather weve been having! would seem an outrage. The child would merely stare. Talking About Our Troubles, by Mark Rutherford (1901) [A]s a rule, we should be very careful for our own sake not to speak much about what distresses us. Expression is apt to carry with it exaggeration, and this exaggerated form becomes henceforth that under which we represent our miseries to ourselves, so that they are thereby increased. Disintroductions by Ambrose Bierce (1902) [W]hat I am affirming is the horror of the characteristic American custom of promiscuous, unsought and unauthorized introductions. You incautiously meet your friend Smith in the street; if you had been prudent you would have remained indoors. Your helplessness makes you desperate and you plunge into conversation with him, knowing entirely well the disaster that is in cold storage for you. These essays on conversation can be found in our large collection of Classic British and American Essays and Speeches.

Germany and the germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the germans class - Essay Example This is because it provides housing for the people who were believed and listed to have perished during the holocaust (Quigley, 3). 3. The most appropriate title for the memorial would be â€Å"In commemoration of all the Jews who perished in Europe† since it is more inclusive. It is because the current title does not entirely represent the whole diversity of the way Jews perished during the holocaust. Besides the executions, other Jews also perished as a result of diseases and accidents. 4. In Washington, there is a holocaust museum but there lacks a memorial for the victims of the slavery and genocide because the government is not willing to put it up. The main reason is because the black Americans who were majorly involved are considered to be inferior as a result of racial segregation. 5. Emily Reed underwent torture for more than twelve years but she survived at the Dachau concentration camp. She is the symbol of the relief that most Jews experienced after they were released from the concentration camps (Young

E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

E-business - Essay Example For purchasing groceries in an online mode, one of the most crucial aspects are that the buyers of groceries should be computer savvy. According to a research conducted by Chu et. al. (2010), the shopping behaviour of the households, especially those purchasing groceries side by side from online and offline sources is dependent upon their brand loyalty, price sensitivity and size loyalty. These offline-online differences are more prominent in the purchase behaviours towards food products which include the grocery category. According to the research, there is more brand loyalty, size loyalty but less price sensitivity in online shopping behaviour of consumers than in the offline shopping behaviour. The online environment for grocery shopping mostly consists of elements like purchasing carts, grocery categories mentioned with prices, the online navigation facilities to know the products’ features, online communication with the seller on specifications of the grocery. The product details and the prices of the product are the main information that is reviewed by the customer. The categories of groceries are present which could be viewed and grocery from these categories could be added to the purchase cart and ordered online after online payment. The online shopping environment also includes in-store displays which mainly attract the customers to buy the particular groceries. Also online displays help the customers search for grocery they need to buy easily. The search option present on the website is a convenient option that allows users to review their preferred products just with one or two clicks. According to a research conducted by Breugelmans and Campo (2010), online in-store displays (ISD) help increase brand sales and make grocery shopping easier and ISD that anticipates competition through first-order or isolated position outperforms the ISD that aims to make the items stand out in the online

Software Development Theory: A Survey

Software Development Theory: A Survey Pushpakumar R Abstract— Nowadays, during the Software development process, software developers are involved and their efforts to generate correct approach are the major challenge. In this survey, the planned model is Coat Hanger, for theorizing about development practices. This model focuses on the projected justification for the actual recognition and resulting effects of using particular practices in changing contexts. In the recent practice concerned with articles in the journal Science of Computer Programming explains the use of this model. The software development in professional organizations with actual software consultants as moles. The Coat Hanger model was then used to order the notional assets and weakness of these four practice descriptions. The study is used as the basis to declare the likely of our model as an intangible aid for more structured imagining about software development practices. The goat hanger model expected to deliver and then serve for software development process theory. In th is novel approach the model is also provide a catalog for theory and then development process. Index Terms— Goat hanger, Catalog, Software theory Introduction In this paper we explained Modern software development theory and development. The general software process based on the general theory of software engineering. Particularly, they call for models which should provide analytical and narrow support for software engineering, instead of running costly design procedures that are plainly based on trial and error. They remark the issue of choosing software development methods in development projects and organizations as an example of weighty questions, which should be undertaken by such theory. Principally, Johnson at all. state that â€Å"many planned methods, programming languages and requirements specification languages exist, but very few bare theories explain why or foresee that one method or language would be preferable to another under certain situations†. While it may be true that we lack a â€Å"general theory† of software engineering, we must be more correct in our argumentation, however. What is this lack that we ar e talking about? Are we wanting theories about software artifacts or are we missing theoretical knowledge on the work of software professionals, i.e. software development. Additional approach has been the building of ontologies that give researchers and method-oriented consultants a vocabulary for theoretical constructs. An example of this approach is the semat kernel, which provides a set of concepts, or ontology, for the core of software engineering. In its place of creating theories based on scientific remark, SEMAT has chosen the correction path, where the result is based on agreement, earlier experiences, or a best guess among a body of professionals. Another example is the complete SWEBOK, which is an attempt to protection all relevant areas of software engineering with commonly agreed knowledge. SWEBOK is not, however, focused on a single theory of the whole process; it labels areas defined by agreement or convention instead and therefore cannot be considered as a scientific theory. While mathematics and computer science offer a solid academic basis for kind computational changes and the article the process and performs of structure the artifact. Software development is less enclosed by scientific research. In our work we focus on the problem of theorizing about software growth practices, whic h can create data to support research, education and actual development of practices in software development officialdoms. To build and expressly validate theories about software expansion practices, we want to observe the work of software professionals in the real world context. This means that we must identify software development as a structural action, where the context, the business and then environment and the human organization with its fights and other failures are at least as applicable for the success of software development as the computational changes of the software piece. In this view the observed software development work becomes the source of the theory, and the target of the theory is to know, explain and guess the reason and practices of software developers and the effect these have on the success of software development. The unbiased of this paper is to understand this theorizing process abstractly and to build a model that explains the essential concepts for theo ries of software development practices. Practices and software development The practice of software development, which is â€Å"concerned with creating images of the purposes of the software and its problem domain, of its assembly and performance, of the additions to be achieved, of the boundaries between the software and its environment and its users. Software development contains numerous practices including that of analysis, design, execution and quality management. This kind of organic view to practices implies that in the software development context, practices may include both carefully organized use of predefined development methods and loosely prepared and even emergent activities that may use discrete tools or techniques at hand. They are not a mechanical reply to rules, norms or models, but a tactical, yet regulated improvisation responding to the dialectical connection between a exact situation in a field and habitus. Technical rationality The field of software engineering has over eras twisted numerous methods that are normative models of how software development should take place. However, already in the 1980s, noted that a methodology does not really describe what actually occurs in practice. The real actions in software progress, the working practice in use, what is really done in a situation may be quite different from what is described by a narrow methodology. In the field of information systems development, Larsen et al. describe how a research stream has discussed the related nature of method/practice engineering and acceptance by individual system and software designers, projects, and growth organizations since the 1990s. Recently, this portent has gained increasing attention in the international software engineering community as well. Practice research in organizations We adopt that a software development practice may become an administrative practice, it can be defined as the organization’s routine use of knowledge. Organizational applies can exist at the multiple levels, in that as in a software progress project or in an organization taking part in several projects or development processes. Structural practices often have tacit workings embedded partly in separate skills and partly in collaborative social arrangements. Many vital features of software development practices, such as their starting and evolution, require more courtesy from research and theory to be fully unspoken. The general management literature, however, conjectures with many viewpoints on how structural practices take shape. All existing images of a practice imply that at least one stakeholder in the society has intended that it should be enacted. However the ethnographical studies have shown that such official, prescribed practices often deviate from the actual actions taken Moreover, software development organizations may also follow undocumented, habitual practices. Pent land and Feldman highlight a distinction between the performativity and ostensive aspects of organizational practices. The performativity facet shows â€Å"the specific actions taken by specific people at specific times when they are engaged in what they think of as an organizational routine. service engagements are becoming increasingly more numerous and more complex. We consider service engagements in the broad sense. Fig.1.CoatHanger model for building theories from development practices. Coat Hanger model for resulting theorizing about practices We have shaped a model for a special resolve, for imagining about software expansion practices. We also recognize that there are general principles and models for experimental research and testing in software engineering. These sources define how observed research in software engineering should be conducted and reported, whereas we need to concentrate on theorizing only. Our purpose is not to switch these but to provide a planned way to investigate and create theories about software development practices or sets of practices with a echo in action mode to research and practice. Our model figures on six main concepts that need to be illustrious in order to learn from software development practice and to shape theories of development practices: knowledge, a repetition, development setting, basis, effect, and theory. We use dual naming for each concept, for example rationale excusing and impact gauging. A central concept in our model is the concept of a practice. One dictionary definition of a practice is rather people do often. In the context of a development project or an body, a systems development practice may become an structural exercise or routine, which can be defined as the organization’s routine use of knowledge, especially â€Å"know-how†. The concept of â€Å"best practices† illustrates an assumption that abstractions of such know how can be usefully analyzed, and lessons learned from practice can be transferred between organizational contexts and over time. However, organizational practices often have tacit components embedded partly in individual skills and partly in collaborative social arrangements. If we compare a development method and a practice, a method adopted in an organization always embodies a predefined practice or a set of practices, whereas a practice is not always defined at the detailed level, at least with regard to all potential elements of method knowledge. However, while being cautious on the concept of â€Å"best practices†, we share the belief that practice descriptions and definitions may appear as useful for analyzing recurrent development actions in context, as a basis of learning from them. A software growth effort takes place in a development context, which includes a large number of issues and factors. For example, Clarke and O’Connor identified 140 situated factors from previous literature that may affect the software development process. Similarly, in the field of information systems development, Orlikowski claims that the role of the system, systems development structure and operations, development policies and practices, development staff, corporate strategies, organizational structure and culture, customers, competitors, and available technologies represent contextual categories of issues which may influence the success or suitability of development practices. Discuss the concept of method rationale as an important part of evolutionary method engineering to support software and systems development. While they regard good understanding of the method rationale as necessary for continuing the â€Å"variation and augmentation† of an organization’s methods, we will widen the concept of rationale to be equally useful for understanding the reasons for an organization’s development practices in general. A rationale for a development practice thus provides justifications for the creation, use and alteration of the practice (or a set of practices). Lyytinen and Robey emphasize the significance of learning from the organization’s own growth experience. This clearly requires analysis and identification of the impacts of the expansion practices to software engineering success. Such impacts may be wanted already according to the explicit method foundation or they may be unanticipated, sometimes even unwanted. Finally, the above concepts are needed for making and assessing theories of development practices. That is, we pursue theories which can examine, describe, and explain background software development practices, finally aiming at a level of prediction. We believe that it is useful to evaluate the practice and aim at predictive theories of certain types of development practices, with regard to their impacts on the development products, projects and processes, and contexts. In the following, we relate these concepts to each other to form a model to guide the research on development practices. Fig.1relates these concepts together, whereas their relationships, which we need to understand in order to build theory from practices, are discussed further below. Education is a border spanning machine which needs to exist, on one hand, in a development context so that earlier theories, including previous, more or less well-grounded, organizational commendations of development can notify local rationale for new practices and that the observed impacts of the target organization’s previous practices can inform further local rationality to adjust the practices. On the other hand, learning is needed between development organizations and the theory builders, who observe development actions in practice and try to abstract lessons to be learned from the particular practices in question (Fig.1). The process of theorizing is circular by nature. The local and global theories of observes will affect the rationalizing of practices and practice change in the development context. This in turn will lead to new knowledge that will make new or extended local or global theories. The development context involves all the issues which have impact on how practices in the target organization or project are socially constructed and how the development organization can learn from its practices. The context may have an impact on the basis to tool new practices and how the applied practices are twisted during real development activities, on the impacts reached from the practices in use, and even whether a learning process takes place in a context at all and whether lessons learned from previous experience are made explicit. That is, practices, their impacts, and learning may not be purely based on the identified rationale alone, but can be affected by contextual issues. If contextual issues are explicitly identified before implementing a new set of practices, they may, in turn, become an explicitly recognized part of the rationale. However, some contextual issues may have a more implicit effect on practices in use and their impacts, recognized only after new practice s have been tried out. Learning is the intermediary that enables accumulation of local and global theories and their utilization in the development context. Conclusion In this topic we have discussed the need in software engineering research to observe the work of software professionals in real environments and presented a model that includes essential concepts for the theorizing of software development practices. The Coat Hanger model and then concepts education, a training growth context, motivation, impact, and theory can be used as a tool by research planners and assessors. To illustrate the value of the model we also made a survey of articles in Science of Computer Programming and went through four full years of articles. Out of 371 articles, we found only four articles that studied and observed directly professional software development using physicians as informants. Our study in light of the model could disclose areas of perfection with regard to the theoretical and empirical parts of the four studies. Finally we sharp out that software engineering research tends to value technical rationality instead of reflection in action and emphasized that theorizing of software development practices requires new approaches that recognize also other reference sciences than computer science and mathematics and pays more care to scientific practice. In the future we aim to continue our theory structure on software expansion practices. When combined with our previous model on practice changes, the Coat Hanger model is expected to serve as a conceptually clear and useful instrument for such theorizing. One other for current the study could be to build a catalogue of well-known or otherwise interesting software change practices, their motivations, and impacts on known contexts. References [1]S. Adolph, P. Kruchten, W. Hall, â€Å"Reconciling perspectives: a grounded theory of how people manage the process of software development†, J. Syst. Softw. 85(6) (2012) 1269–1286. [2]Chris Argyris, D.A. Schà ¶n, Organizational Learning II, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996. [3]T.B.C. Arias, P. Avgeriou, P. America, K. Blom, S. Bachynskyy, A top–down strategy to reverse architecting execution views for a large and complex software-intensive system: an experience report, Sci. Comput. Program. 76(12) (2011) 1098–1112. [4]M. Bajec, D. Vavpotiˆ¡c, M. Krisper, Practice-driven approach for creating project-specific software development methods, Inf. Softw. Technol. 49(4) (2007) 345–365. [5]V. Basili, R. Tesoriero, P. Costa, M. Lindvall, I. Rus, F. Shull, et al., Building an experience base for software engineering: a report on the first Ce-BASE eWorkshop, in: F. Bomarius, S. Komi-Sirvià ¶ (Eds.), Product Focused Software Process Improvement, in: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001, pp.110–125. [6]I. Benbasat, R.W. Zmud, Empirical research in information systems: the practice of relevance, MIS Q. 23(1) (1999) 3–16. [7]H. Berger, P. Beynon-Davies, The utility of rapid application development in large-scale, complex projects, Inf. Syst. J. 19(6) (2009) 549–570. [8]P. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, 1977. [9]P. Bourdieu, The three forms of theoretical knowledge, Inf. Sur Sci. Soc. (Paris) 12(1) (1973) 53–80. [10]J.S. Brown, P. Duguid, Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovating, Organ. Sci. 2(1) (1991) 40–57. [11]P.R. Carlile, A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: boundary objects in new product development, Organ. Sci. 13(4) (2002) 442–455. [12]P. Clarke, R.V. O’Connor, The situational factors that affect the software development process: towards a comprehensive reference framework, Inf. Softw. Technol. 54(5) (2012) 433–447. [13]Collins CoBUILD, English Dictionary, 1989. [14]B. Curtis, H. Krasner, N. Iscoe, A field study of the software design process for large systems, Commun. ACM 31(11) (1988) 1268–1287 . Reactivity of Ashes: Effect of Porosity and Particle Size Reactivity of Ashes: Effect of Porosity and Particle Size Objective: Discuss the effect of porosity, particle size, shape and distribution on reactivity of ashes. Rice Husk Ash The particle size rice husk ash is around 5 micron to 95 micron with average particle size of 25 micron with high percentage of silica. The presence of silica in RHA has been known since 1938 and an extensive literature search has highlighted many uses of RHA as silica replacement. Two main industrial uses have been identified: as an insulator in the steel industry and as a poz- zolan in the cement industry. RHA is used by the steel industry in the production of high quality flat steel. Moreover, RHA is an excellent insulator, having low thermal conductivity, high melting point, low bulk density and high porosity. In particular, there are two areas for which RHA is used: in the manufacture of low cost building blocks, and in the production of high quality cement. The addition of RHA to cement has been found to enhance cement properties. In general, concrete made with Portland cement containing RHA has a higher compressive strength. RHA is finer than cement having very small particle size of 25 microns, so much so that it fills the interstices in between the cement in the aggregate. That is where the strength and density comes from. Incinerator Bottom Ash 1 This sample was imported from Portugal. Upon magnification, agglomerated and irregularly shaped amorphous particles were detected in the bottom ash samples associated with aggregates of polycrystalline, amorphous, and glassy material. The results show that the predominant elements in bottom ash samples were silicon (Si), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) as oxides, while the predominant elements in all spot points on surface texture of bottom ash. High silica and alumina content in bottom ash could make it a good sorbent while high CaO content is responsible for its alkaline character. It was found that the material was mainly amorphous in nature but also indicated the presence of crystalline phases such as feldspar, mullite, magnetite, and quartz. Bottom ash particles smaller than 11.2 mm accounts for approximately 80 % by mass. About 5 10 % bottom ash particles are between 0.1  µm and 100  µm. These particles are quite porous and look like volcanic lava. One of the m ost common uses for bottom ash is as structural fill. There is possibility of bottom ash being used as substitute/replacement of fine aggregate (sand). Its use in concrete becomes more significant and important in view of the fact that sources of natural sand as fine aggregates are getting depleted gradually, and it is of prime importance that substitute of sand be explored. The ash shows lower density, higher water absorption, and lower strength than natural gravel. They could be considered as average quality aggregates for use in concrete. When directly introduced in concrete, they led to swelling and cracking of specimens, due to the reaction between cement and metallic aluminium. Therefore, a treatment by sodium hydroxide was proposed to avoid such degradation, which made possible the partial replacement (up to 50%) of fine gravel in concrete without affecting the durability. Incinerator Bottom Ash 2 This sample was imported from Czech Republic. Hard Wood Ash Quantity and quality of wood ash may vary with many factors such as combustion temperature, species of wood and combustion technology used. Hence proper analysis of wood ash is important before its application in concrete. Wood ash chemical characteristics differ with species of wood but chiefly contains lime and silica. The size of wood ash varies from 45 micron to 75 micron. The particles of wood ash are little coarser than that of cement and have higher specific surface as compared to cement due to porous nature and irregular shape. Hard wood ash contains carbon (5-30%). Calcium (7-33%), potassium (3-4%), magnesium (1-2%), manganese (0.3-1.3%), phosphorus (0.3-1.4%) and sodium (0.2-0.5%) are the major constituents of wood ash. With increasing carbon content, density of wood ash decreases Incorporation of wood ash as partial replacement of cement adversely decreases the slump of concrete. Water absorption of concrete increases with the increase in wood ash percentage. There was mar ginal decrease in strength with increasing wood ash percentage in concrete, but increased with age due to increased pozzolanic reactions. Wood ash at replacement percentage up to 10% of the weight of binder can be successfully used as additive in place of cement to produce structure grade concrete. Replacement of cement by wood ash does not have negative impact on the chloride permeability. There is a significant decrease in the drying shrinkage on the incorporation of wood ash.

Islamic, Ancient Egyptian, and Ancient Greek Art Essay

Elisabeth Siddiqui has written: â€Å"Art is the mirror of a culture and its world view. There is no case to which this statement more directly applies than to the art of the Islamic world. † Seeing that Muslims are believers in only one true God of the universe, they have been advised by Prophet Muhammad not to make pictures of human beings, for these pictures may often turn out to become idols for people, thereby turning them away from the Lord of the universe. Hence, Islamic art has focused on anything other than the human form. Muslims have used Arabic calligraphy to express their creativity in countless art works. â€Å"Arabic script lends itself wonderfully to decorative use,† writes Siddiqui. It is the language of the Qur’an, even if it is used to write something other than the Qur’anic verse. The choices are limitless. Thus we find a beautiful piece of calligraphic art as an inscription on a carved wood panel from a door that was made in the late medieval Islamic period (See Appendix). The inscription on the panel consists of the signature of its maker. The script is monumental, with large and rounded proportions. The seven words of the inscription are deeply carved in three horizontal registers. These are set against a scrolling leaf background (Late Medieval Period, 2004). Contrary to the believers in the unseen God, the ancient Egyptians were Pharaoh worshippers. The king of ancient Egypt was the Pharaoh, who appeared larger than life in the art works of the period. Ti Hunting the Hippopotamus is a wonderful depiction of the subject (See Appendix). Carved on a surface of a stone, this is a relief using the typical ancient Egyptian style of frontalism, in which the head is drawn in profile while the body is seen from the front. In this ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 2 picture, Ti is enormous as compared to his slaves as well as the animals. He is the god of both slaves and animals, and is therefore shown as a higher being as compared to the lesser beings. The slaves in the picture are relaxed. So are the animals. Moreover, the animals shown are more realistic than all humans, perhaps because of the ambivalence felt by the artist toward both the â€Å"higher† and the â€Å"lower beings† within humans (Kremen, 1996). Lastly, the ancient Greeks, who also had plenty of gods and goddesses, downplayed the divine aspects of their gods, unlike the Egyptians, by giving their gods a typically human form. There did not have to be higher or lower beings in ancient Greek art. Instead, the most perfect of figures created were recognized as gods naturally. The ancient Greek civilization enjoyed the beauty of the human form, including the naked human form which was admired for its harmonious proportions. The Torso of Apollo is one of the most perfect examples of this art (See Appendix). Made in 2nd century AD, the torso of marble shows young Apollo, the Greek god of light, music, archery, healing, atonement, prophecy and flocks and herds. The figure was popular with both Greeks and ancient Romans. It is an unclothed manifestation of splendor and courage, only expected to be shown of Apollo, who wears a belt over one shoulder to which a quiver of arrows were attached at his back (Torso of Apollo). By showing the god as distinctly human, the artist inspires into viewers the spirit to take Apollo for a courageous model and turn into heroes themselves. Thus all art appears as a mirror of its culture and the worldview. References 1. Kremen, Lisa. (1996, December). â€Å"Understanding Egyptian Art. † Egyptian Art. Retrieved from http://www. bergen. org/AAST/Projects/Egypt/egyptian_art. html. (10 February 2007). 2. â€Å"Late Medieval Period. † (2004). Islamic Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved from http://www. lacma. org/islamic_art/intro. htm. (10 February 2007). 3. Siddiqui, Elisabeth. â€Å"Islamic Art. † MSA. Retrieved from http://www.colostate. edu/orgs/MSA/index. html. (10 February 2007). 4. â€Å"Torso of Apollo. † DIA Galleries Ancient Art. Retrieved from http://www. dia. org/collections/Ancient/ancient. html. (10 February 2007). ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 4 Appendix Islamic Art Ancient Egyptian Art ISLAMIC, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, AND ANCIENT GREEK ART Page # 5 Ancient Greek Art.

Comparison of Modern Women and of Ancient Greece

Greece were a little more than virtual slaves, themselves. From the day of their birth, up to their deaths, females were constantly controlled by a master, normally the father than overtaken by her husband. Girls approximately the age of 1 5 were chosen an appropriate suitor by their fathers, usually a man already more than twice her age (p. 75). Most men spent little time at home; therefore, the wives dominated home life through her skills of sewing, cooking, spinning, weaving, and preserving the slaves of the family household.On average there were plenty of slaves to help with the dally chores, only the most destitute homes was the lady responsible for these duties alone. Therefore, wives In some aspect were more privileged than women in our present society, where the domestic labor Is generally completed single-handedly. Women had specific boundaries in society and the events that took place there. Women didn't have the privilege of voting, and were allowed no entitlement into pub lic office. Although women were forbidden in political positions, they were Greek citizens and could not be violated or sold into slavery (p. 4). They were prohibited from watching the Olympic Games as they contained fragments of nudity, and were only permitted to participate in chariot racing. (Graham) Public roles that women were encouraged to take role in were funerals, weddings, and religious celebrations where they could socialize outside of the home. â€Å"A wife's main duty, apart from managing the household, was to provide a male heir n order to maintain the family's hold over its property,† The Western Experience.Since men dictated all property in classical Greece, it was a necessity to produce boys in addition to girls. It is difficult to depict the ancient feminine lives of the Greeks exactly, as we have no recorded verification documented directly by them. A number of Greek gods and written Greek epics portray women as leaders, and are sharply admired by men. Sour ces.

Biography of Childe Hassam, American Painter

Childe Hassam (1859-1935) was an American painter who played a crucial role in popularizing impressionism in the United States. He formed a breakaway group of artists devoted to the style known as The Ten. By the end of his life, he was one of the worlds most commercially successful artists. Fast Facts: Childe Hassam Full Name: Frederick Childe HassamKnown For: PainterStyle: American ImpressionismBorn: October 17, 1859 in Boston, MassachusettsDied: August 27, 1935 in East Hampton, New YorkSpouse: Kathleen Maude DoaneEducation: Academie JulianSelected Works: Rainy Day, Columbus Avenue, Boston (1885), Poppies, Isles of Shoals (1891), Allies Day, May 1917 (1917)Notable Quote: Art, to me, is the interpretation of the impression which nature makes upon the eye and brain. Early Life and Education Born into a New England family that traced its ancestry to 17th-century English settlers, Childe Hassam explored art from an early age. He grew up in Boston and was often amused that the surname Hassam made many think that he had an Arabian heritage. It began as Horsham back in England and went through several spelling changes before the family settled on Hassam. The Hassam family suffered the failure of their cutlery business in 1872 after a catastrophic fire swept through the Boston business district. Childe went to work to help support his family. He lasted only three weeks working in the accounting department of the publisher Little, Brown, and Company. Working in a wood engraving shop was a better fit. By 1881, Childe Hassam had his own studio where he worked as both a draftsman and a freelance illustrator. Hassams work appeared in magazines like Harpers Weekly, and The Century. Hed begun to paint, too, and his preferred medium was watercolor. Corbis Historical / Getty Images First Paintings In 1882, Childe Hassam had his first solo exhibition. It consisted of approximately 50 watercolors displayed in a Boston art gallery. The primary subject matter was landscapes of places Hassam visited. Among those locations was the island of Nantucket. Hassam met poet Celia Thaxter in 1884. Her father owned the Appledore House hotel on the Isles of Shoals in Maine. She lived there, and it was a destination favored by many key figures in the cultural life of late-19th century New England. Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow all visited the hotel. Hassam taught Celia Thaxter to paint, and he included the hotels gardens and the islands shores as subject matter in many of his paintings. After marrying Kathleen Maude Doane in February 1884, Hassam moved into a South End, Boston, apartment with her, and his painting began to focus on city scenes. Rainy Day, Columbus Avenue, Boston was one of the most prominent works created shortly after the wedding. Rainy Day, Columbus Avenue, Boston (1885). VCG Wilson / Getty Images While there is no indication that Hassam saw Gustave Caillebottes Paris Street, Rainy Day before painting his piece, the two works are almost uncannily similar. One difference is that the Boston painting is devoid of any of the political symbolism many observers found in Caillebottes masterpiece. Rainy Day, Columbus Avenue, Boston quickly became one of Hassams favorite paintings, and he sent it to be shown a the 1886 Society of American Artists exhibition in New York. Embrace of Impressionism In 1886, Hassam and his wife left Boston for Paris, France. They stayed there for three years while he studied art at the Academie Julian. While in Paris, he painted extensively. The city and gardens were the primary subject matter. Shipment of the completed paintings back to Boston to sell helped finance the couples Parisian lifestyle. While in Paris, Hassam viewed French impressionist paintings in exhibitions and museums. However, he did not meet any of the artists. The exposure prompted a shift in the colors and brushstrokes Hassam used. His style became lighter with softer colors. Friends and associates back home in Boston noticed the changes and approved of the developments. Hassam returned to the United States in 1889 and decided to move to New York City. With Kathleen, he moved into a studio apartment at 17th Street and Fifth Avenue. He created city scenes in all kinds of weather, from winter to the height of summer. Despite the evolution of European impressionism into post-impressionism and fauvism, Hassam firmly stuck to his newly-adopted impressionist techniques. Fellow American impressionist painters J.Alden Weir and John Henry Twachtman soon became friends and colleagues. Through Theodore Robinson, the trio developed a friendship with French impressionist Claude Monet. Poppies, Isles of Shoals (1891). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain In the mid-1890s, Childe Hassam began traveling during the summer to paint landscapes in Gloucester, Massachusetts, Old Lyme, Connecticut, and other locations. After a trip to Havana, Cuba, in 1896, Hassam held his first one-person auction show in New York at the American Art Galleries and featured over 200 paintings from throughout his career. Unfortunately, the paintings sold for less than $50 on average per picture. Frustrated by the impact of the 1896 economic slump in the U.S., Hassam returned to Europe. After traveling to England, France, and Italy, Hassam returned to New York in 1897. There, he helped fellow impressionists secede from the Society of American Artists and form their own group called The Ten. Despite disapproval from the traditional art community, The Ten soon found success with the public. They functioned as a successful exhibition group for the next 20 years. Later Career By the end of the first decade of a new century, Childe Hassam was one of the most commercially successful artists in the United States. He earned as much as $6,000 per painting, and he was a spectacularly prolific artist. By the end of his career, he produced over 3,000 works. Childe and Kathleen Hassam returned to Europe in 1910. They found the city even more vibrant than before. More paintings emerged depicting bustling Parisian life and Bastille Day celebrations. Upon returning to New York, Hassam began creating what he called window paintings. They were one of his most popular series and usually featured a female model in a kimono near a lightly-curtained or open window. Many of the window pieces were sold to museums. By the time Hassam participated in 1913s Armory Show in New York City, his impressionist style was mainstream art. The cutting edge was far beyond impressionism with cubist experiments and the first rumblings of expressionist art. End of the Trolley Line, Oak Park, Illinois (1893). Buyenlarge / Getty Images Flag Series Perhaps the most popular and well-known series of paintings by Childe Hassam was created very late in his career. Inspired by a parade supporting preparations for U.S. participation in World War I, Hassam painted a scene with patriotic flags as the most prominent element. Soon, he had an extensive collection of flag paintings. Allies Day, May 1917 (1917). VCG Wilson / Getty Images Hassam hoped that the entire flag series would ultimately be sold for $100,000 as a war memorial set, but most of the works were eventually sold individually. Flag paintings found their way into the White House, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the National Gallery of Art. In 1919, Hassam settled in Long Island. It is the subject of many of his final paintings. A boom in art prices in the 1920s made Hassam a wealthy man. Until the end of his life, he fiercely defended impressionism against critics who saw the style as old-fashioned. Childe Hassam died in 1935 at age 75. Legacy Childe Hassam was a pioneer in popularizing impressionism in the United States. He also broke ground demonstrating how to turn art into a massively profitable commercial product. His style and approach to the business of art were distinctly American. Despite the pioneering spirit of his early career, Childe Hassam frequently spoke out against modern developments late in life. He saw impressionism as the pinnacle of artistic development and movements such as cubism were distractions. Winter in Union Square (1890). Buyenlarge / Getty Images Sources Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. Prestel Pub, 1999.Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam, American Impressionist. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.